The paper uploaded has the instructions and an example of how the paper should be structured. The example box should refer to mental health- depression/anx

Health Promotion Paper (300 points)

Health promotion is a social science that aims to improve health and prevent disease through education and voluntary behavior change. It involves a range of strategies and actions.

One of the most critical roles that nurses have in health promotion and disease prevention is that of an educator. Nurses spend the most time with the patients and provide anticipatory guidance about immunizations, nutrition, dietary, medications, and safety.

Health promotion behaviors (eg, physical activity, healthy eating, stress management, sleep hygiene, healthy relationships) increase personal resiliency and improve health. These behaviors are critically important in reversing the epidemic of obesity and obesity-related diseases currently afflicting our country.

EXAMPLE

Population	Older Adult
Issue	Lack of adequate nutrition
Outcome	Better nutrition would allow seniors to remain in their own homes
SDOHs	Lack of transportation to grocery stores, failing eyesight, poor appetite, socialization, financial resources
HP Activity	Meals on Wheels/ Eat at Sr Citizen Buildings/ Homemakers
Plan	An activity at a church where senior citizens can sign up for meals on wheels
APN Role	Educator, Advocate, Practitioner, Researcher

Grading Rubric

Assignment Criteria	Points	Percent
1. Describe major issues confronting your population. Include the effects of social determinants of health.	50	16.67%
1. Discuss how the health issue of this group can be improved by changing the environment, legislation, public policy or direct personal intervention	50	16.67%
1. Develop a minimum of three specific health promotion activities/interventions with rationale for this population/issue.	60	20.00%
1. Derive a plan for the implementation of these interventions	60	20.00%
1. Illustrate the role of the advanced practice nurse in health promotion.	50	16.66%
1. Grammar/Mechanics/APA	30	10.00%
TOTAL POINTS/PERCENTAGE	300	100%

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Interventions to Eliminate Health Disparities in the Treatment of Major Depressive Episodes (MDEs)

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Interventions to Eliminate Health Disparities in the Treatment of Major Depressive Episodes (MDEs)

Major depressive episodes (MDEs) affect a large percentage of people, especially adults. According to the Healthy People 2030 initiative, one of the key objectives is to increase the proportion of adults with MDEs who receive treatment (Objective MHMD-05). Disparities in race, ethnicity, gender, age, and socioeconomic status preclude appropriate mental health treatment. These barriers have to be addressed to decrease depression levels and guarantee that every person gets treatment. This objective calls for strategies to minimize health inequalities and factors influencing people's health. This annotated bibliography focuses on community-based interventions, depression, mental health literacy, and integrated-care models for alleviating disparities and enhancing mental health intervention utilization.

Annotated Bibliography

Buechner, H., Toparlak, S. M., Ostinelli, E. G., Shokraneh, F., Nicholls-Mindlin, J., Cipriani, A., Geddes, J. R., & Syed Sheriff, R. (2023). Community interventions for anxiety and depression in adults and young people: A systematic review. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 57(9), 000486742211503. https://doi.org/10.1177/00048674221150362

In this systematic review, Buechner et al. (2023) evaluate community-based anxiety and depression therapy in museums, sports clubs, and libraries. The review included 2,898 people from 31 RCTs. The findings suggest that community initiatives can improve mental health, including music groups, exercise programs, and gardening. However, many studies have limited sample sizes and poor methodology, resulting in low-quality evidence. The authors call for more rigorous trials, especially targeting ethnic minorities and young adults. The article proposes that community-based interventions may reduce mental health inequities, but more research is needed. The article is valuable for its focus on non-clinical settings, which can reach individuals who may not engage with traditional mental health services. The authors are credible public health and psychiatry professionals, strengthening the article's authority. This study helps explain how alternative approaches can reach marginalized areas to reduce mental health inequities.

Garcia, M. E., Hinton, L., Neuhaus, J., Feldman, M., Livaudais-Toman, J., & Karliner, L. S. (2022). Equitability of Depression Screening After Implementation of General Adult Screening in Primary Care. JAMA Network Open, 5(8), e2227658. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.27658

Garcia et al. (2022) studied 52,944 adult individuals at six California primary care clinics. The study analyzes how frequent depression screening reduces diagnosis and treatment discrepancies. The study found screening rates rose from 40.5% in 2017 to 88.8% in 2019. Depression screening discrepancies among older persons, Black/African American patients, and non-English speakers were dramatically reduced by routine screening. However, screening disparities persisted for men, who were 13% less likely to be screened than women. Routine depression screening in primary care can reduce mental health inequities and improve treatment access for underprivileged individuals, according to the authors. This paper supports the Healthy People 2030 goal by showing that routine screening can improve MDE treatment rates and eliminate race, ethnicity, and language inequities. The authors, affiliated with the University of California, San Francisco, are public health and mental health care experts, lending credibility to the study. The article’s involves appropriate use of data, so readers can appreciate how the concept of universal screening minimizes mental health care disparities.

Tambling, R. R., D’Aniello, C., & Russell, B. S. (2021). Mental Health Literacy: a Critical Target for Narrowing Racial Disparities in Behavioral Health. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-021-00694-w

In Tambling et al., (2021) the authors explore how MHL can assist in the fight against the racial disparities in mental health care. In their work, they illustrated that poor MHL limits people from accessing professional mental and behavioral health care, particularly for depression and anxiety disorders which are the two most reported diseases. The report reveals that poor MHL plays a key role in the 70% mental health care deficit. The authors also emphasize the need for better MHL, especially in racial and ethnic minority populations, to address gaps in mental health treatment availability and the stigma surrounding mental illness. The article proposed that the elevation of MHL could significantly contribute to the minimization of health disparities and the deficit in the treatment. This work emphasizes the need to implement the education and awareness of mental health literacy and the need for public health programs to minimize injustices. This article assists in understanding how awareness and knowledge of mental health impact the likelihood of getting treatment that in turn aligns with the SHIW’s aim of increasing treatment for people who have MDEs. Public health advice is given by the authors regarding targeted mental health literacy interventions in underprivileged communities.

Tehrani, H., Vali, M., Nejatian, M., Moshki, M., Charoghchian Khorasani, E., & Jafari, A. (2022). The status of depression literacy and its relationship with quality of life among Iranian public population: a cross sectional study. BMC Psychiatry, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-022-04251-0

Tehrani et al. (2022) investigated the level of D-Lit and quality of life in 1382 participants from the general population of Iran. D-Lit levels were positively related to quality of life scores, implying that increasing D-Lit might help enhance mental health. From the authors’ perspective, prevention campaigns should enhance the D-Lit for better mental health, primarily for the minorities and other vulnerable populations. The study is relevant for the purpose of understanding the impact of depression knowledge on mental health therapy and care. According to the findings, education can reduce health inequities, especially among low-income or mental health-inaccessible communities. The authors are public health and psychiatry experts, lending authority to their conclusions. The article sheds light on mental health literacy and health outcomes, making it relevant to depression treatment efforts.

Tomczyk, S., Muehlan, H., Freitag, S., Stolzenburg, S., Schomerus, G., & Schmidt, S. (2020). Is knowledge “half the battle”? The role of depression literacy in help-seeking among a non-clinical sample of adults with currently untreated mental health problems. Journal of Affective Disorders, 238, 289–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.05.059

Tomczyk et al. (2020) investigate the role of depression literacy in predicting help-seeking behavior among a sample of 207 adults with untreated mental health problems. The study reveals that depression literacy increases the chance of formal mental health treatment. However, it was unclear how depression literacy affected informal help-seeking, like turning to family and friends. Increased depression literacy could help decrease the treatment gap for depression, especially for untreated patients, according to the authors. This study is particularly relevant because it helps explain depression treatment hurdles and how knowledge facilitates care. From a public health standpoint, the authors recommend mental health literacy education. The article shows how mental health literacy can boost MDE treatment rates, supporting Healthy People 2030.

Unützer, J., & Park, M. (2022). Strategies to Improve the Management of Depression in Primary Care. Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice, 39(2), 415–431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pop.2012.03.010

Unützer and Park (2022) analyze collaborative care models that integrate mental health services into primary care to improve depression management. The authors believe collaborative care, where medical practitioners interact with mental health professionals, can enhance treatment outcomes and eliminate mental health inequities. Integrated care models can fill depression treatment gaps, especially for underprivileged populations, according to the article. The authors, mental health and primary care integration experts argue strongly for expanding collaborative care to increase mental health treatment access. The article is highly relevant to the Healthy People 2030 objective, as it highlights a practical and evidence-based approach to increasing treatment rates for depression in primary care settings. The authors advocate for structural improvements to improve primary care depression management from a public health perspective.

Conclusion

This annotated bibliography emphasizes the importance of mental health disparities and social determinants of health in depression therapy. Community-based interventions, routine depression screening, mental health literacy, and integrated care models are critical for reaching the Healthy People 2030 goal of treating more adults with major depressive episodes. These treatments can reduce health disparities and enhance mental health outcomes for all by targeting underserved communities and removing obstacles to care. Public health programs must be funded to achieve these goals.

References

Buechner, H., Toparlak, S. M., Ostinelli, E. G., Shokraneh, F., Nicholls-Mindlin, J., Cipriani, A., Geddes, J. R., & Syed Sheriff, R. (2023). Community interventions for anxiety and depression in adults and young people: A systematic review. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 57(9), 000486742211503. https://doi.org/10.1177/00048674221150362

Garcia, M. E., Hinton, L., Neuhaus, J., Feldman, M., Livaudais-Toman, J., & Karliner, L. S. (2022). Equitability of Depression Screening After Implementation of General Adult Screening in Primary Care. JAMA Network Open, 5(8), e2227658. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.27658

Tambling, R. R., D’Aniello, C., & Russell, B. S. (2021). Mental Health Literacy: a Critical Target for Narrowing Racial Disparities in Behavioral Health. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-021-00694-w

Tehrani, H., Vali, M., Nejatian, M., Moshki, M., Charoghchian Khorasani, E., & Jafari, A. (2022). The status of depression literacy and its relationship with quality of life among Iranian public population: a cross sectional study. BMC Psychiatry, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-022-04251-0

Tomczyk, S., Muehlan, H., Freitag, S., Stolzenburg, S., Schomerus, G., & Schmidt, S. (2020). Is knowledge “half the battle”? The role of depression literacy in help-seeking among a non-clinical sample of adults with currently untreated mental health problems. Journal of Affective Disorders, 238, 289–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.05.059

Unützer, J., & Park, M. (2022). Strategies to Improve the Management of Depression in Primary Care. Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice, 39(2), 415–431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pop.2012.03.010

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Discussion

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Through clearly defined, evidence-based goals over 10 years, Healthy People 2030 promote the health and well-being of all people. This U.S. Department of Health and Human Services initiative builds on Healthy People and sets ambitious but realistic objectives to minimize inequities and enhance quality of life. Physical and mental health, environmental issues, healthcare access, and more are all addressed by the goals. Healthy People 2030 is a comprehensive plan to improve national health by preventing and resolving health inequities. Healthy People 2030 help local, state, and national policies, programs, and interventions improve health by defining benchmarks and evaluating progress (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2020).

The objective, "Reduce anxiety and depression in family caregivers of people with disabilities — DH-D01," was chosen because mental health is increasingly important, particularly for caregivers. Family caregivers of disabled loved ones frequently face severe emotional, psychological, and physical hardship. Caregivers typically balance medical care, domestic tasks, and work while experiencing social isolation and financial hardship, which may lead to anxiety and melancholy (Healthy People 2030, 2020). This objective is significant because caregivers' mental health affects their capacity to offer effective and compassionate care. Improving caregiver well-being may also improve the quality of life for those they care for, save healthcare costs, and make society healthier.

Social determinants of health (SDOH) affect family caregiver mental health. Caregivers' anxiety and sadness may be affected by economic stability, healthcare, social and community support, and the environment. Low-income caregivers may experience financial stress, which may worsen mental health difficulties. Caregivers may not be able to get mental health support due to a lack of affordable healthcare and mental health resources. Marginalized caregivers may also feel alone and have poor mental health due to prejudice or lack of social support (Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, 2020). These larger contextual issues would have to be addressed in the fulfillment of the HP 2030 objective; caring commitments and socio-economic factors are a source of continuous stress and burnout.

One evidence-based intervention for reducing anxiety and depression among family caregivers would be a bundled support package that includes mental health therapies, respite care, and financial support. For instance, some caregivers have access to counseling and therapy at low costs or with no costs attached to alleviate their stress levels and boost their coping and resilience. Respite care allows the caregiver an opportunity to rest and take time off from the caregiving. Stipends and grants could be used to assist the caregiver in helping them offset some of the costs of care (World Health Organization, 2023). In addition to direct assistance, support groups can provide a link among caregivers and give an emotional contact. These can help alleviate anxiety and depression by empowering the caregiving role at both psychological and practical levels.

References

Healthy People 2030. (2020). Mental health and mental disorders. Health.gov; Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. https://health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/browse-objectives/mental-health-and-mental-disorders

Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. (2020). Social determinants of health. Healthy People 2030; Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. https://health.gov/healthypeople/priority-areas/social-determinants-health

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2020). Healthy people 2030. Healthy People 2030; Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. https://health.gov/healthypeople

World Health Organization. (2023, October 20). Mental health of older adults. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-health-of-older-adults