Q1. Answer the following questions:
· Organizational performance is the fifth aspect of the model, reflect on the question, do certain leadership behaviors improve and sustain performance at the individual, group, and organizational level? Please explain your response.
· There were two types of innovation addressed this week (product and process innovation), please note your own personal definition of these concepts, and offer an example of both.
Read Chapter 2 in the textbook: Organizational Leadership by John Bratton, SAGE Publications, ISBN: 9781529715460 (attached PPT for reference).
Instructions: Your response should be 250-300 words. There must be at least one APA formatted reference (and APA in-text citation) to support the thoughts in the post as needed.
Q2. Chapter 6 (Basic SQL): How can the key and foreign key constraints be enforced by the DBMS? Is the enforcement technique you suggest difficult to implement? Can the constraint checks be executed in an efficient manner when updates are applied to the database?
Instructions: Your response should be 250-300 words. There must be at least one APA formatted reference (and APA in-text citation) to support the thoughts in the post as needed.
Q3. Chapter 8 (The relational algebra and the relational calculus): What is the FUNCTION operation? For what is it used? And present a practical example/ scenario.
Instructions: Your response should be 250-300 words. There must be at least one APA formatted reference (and APA in-text citation) to support the thoughts in the post as needed.
For Q2 and Q3, Refer to Textbook: Fundamentals of Database Systems by Ramez Elmasri and Shankant B. Navathe, 7thEdition, Pearson.
ISBN: 10: 0-13-397077-9
Strategic management, innovation and leadership
Chapter 2
1
Learning outcomes
After completing this chapter, you should be able to:
Explain the external and internal contexts of work organizations and the potential implications for leader-followers relations and behaviours;
Discuss the proposition that neoliberalism has shaped the role of leadership
Analyze the factors driving innovation and the leaders’ roles in facilitating the process
2
Introduction
Until recently, academic interest in the role of context has been ‘limited’ to examining the links between economic-political crises and charismatic leadership (Conger, 2011). This is because few leadership scholars have a ‘macro’ or political economy background and, further, any contextual investigations are complicated by the fact that individual leaders and followers will perceive the relative importance of any contextual changes differently.
The aim of this chapter is to provide a sketch of the contexts that affects leadership dynamics. But we also have to bear in mind that corporate leaders attempt to change the external context. The chapter proceeds to examine innovation, its drivers and the role of leadership in promoting innovation.
3
Strategic management
Whether in private or public sector organizations, a successful strategy is consistent with the organization’s environment and with its internal goals, resources, capabilities and shared values. But an important antecedent is corporate ideology that influences strategic decisions by senior executives.
Strategic management is best defined as a continuous process that requires the constant adjustment of three major, interdependent poles: the values of senior management, the resources available and the environment (Figure 2.1).
4
Strategic management
5
Strategic management
Environment operates at macro (external to an organization, i.e. industry level, economic) and micro level (specific environment, i.e. processes within the organization). Elements in the macro environment constantly penetrate into the micro environment, and affect an individual organization.
Conventional Strategic Management Process:
Mission and Goals
Organization’s direction and outcomes to be accomplish
Environmental Analysis
Macro – STEEPLE
Micro – SWOT or PRIMO-F
6
Strategic management
Strategic Formulation
Evaluation of factors and choices made to meet goals
Strategy Implementation
Leadership – adaptation and development of a strategy, and gaining support and commitment of those who are expected to carry it out
Strategy Evaluation
Activity that determines whether the actual change and performance matches what has been planned to what extent
7
Strategic management
However, this process only shows how strategic management should be done rather than describing what is actually done by senior managers.
Again, strategy is a political process undertaken by people with power and who are influenced by ideology.
8
Macro environment
Socio-cultural, Technology, Economic, Ecology, Politics, Legal, Ethical
Micro environment
People, Resources, Innovation, Marketing, Operations – Finance & Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats
A framework for studying strategy and leadership
9
A framework for studying strategy and leadership
A hierarchy of strategy
Corporate-level strategy
Business-level strategy
Functional-level strategy
Team-level strategy
Levels of leadership
Organizational performance
10
A framework for studying strategy and leadership
11
The nature of innovation
Innovation can be defined as the process of coming up with good, new ideas and making them work technically and commercially (Tidd and Bessant, 2018). Innovation therefore only counts as innovation, if it produces something that ultimately will be sold to customers, or, in the public sector, that will result in ‘more for less’ (Parker, 2018, p. 30).
Incremental innovations enable organizations to ‘do things better’. Over time, and in cumulative form, incremental innovations can produce significant changes. Breakthrough innovations enable organizations to ‘do things different’ (Bessant, 2003).
12
The nature of innovation
Product innovation
Process innovation
Disruptive innovation is a common pattern of innovation (Christensen, 2016).
13
The external and internal contexts driving or disables innovation
External
Globalization
Market opportunities
Competitive pressures
Changes in laws and regulations
Changes in available technologies
Internal
Available knowledge and resources
Positive innovation strategies
Organizational cultures and practices
14
The leaders’ roles in innovation processes
15
The leaders’ roles in innovation processes
Individuals in leadership roles therefore need to be able to work well together in order to exercise shared leadership (Bolden and O’Regan, 2016).
Leadership of different types is thought to be needed at different stages of the innovation process.
There need to be a balance of exploration (search for new knowledge and ideas) and exploitation (of what is already known), also known as ambidexterity to realize an innovation process.
E.g. Transformation and transactional leadership
16
Evaluation and criticism
Neoliberalism has been criticised as not just as something that has created the atomization of labour through strict regulation and strengthen management’s ‘right to manage’; it is also emphasized to be more than just the economic system – it has a political and ideological agenda.
This leads to corporate ideology where the major beliefs and values provided by leaders form the frame of reference for decision-making and action (lets us to understand how the employment relationship is managed).
17
Evaluation and criticism
This idea continues to be aided by other organizations such as business schools, ‘think tanks’ and the media as “apparatus of justification” to continue spreading and formulation of these neoliberal ideas, such as shareholder value – illustrating that this is the way to do things and how the world is viewed.
Power blind becomes an important matter in discussion of the strategy literature.
Charismatic leaders also are romanticized as innovation enablers, while other key variables such as employees with creativity or the state is being ignored or downplayed.
18