1. Review the Genital Mutilation PowerPoint and select an article relevant to the topic.
2. Write a summary of the chosen article
See attached for instructions. very important
Directions:
· Review the Genital Mutilation PowerPoint and select an article relevant to the topic.
· Write a summary of the chosen article.
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Genital Mutilation – Padlet Rubric |
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Criteria |
Ratings |
Pts |
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Article Selection |
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2 pts |
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A Article Summary |
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1 pts |
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Use of R references |
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1 pts |
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T Response to classmates |
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1 pts |
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Total Points: 5 |
APA FORMAT, AND REFERENCES, peer review scholarly resource cited in APA format from 2020-2025 only. (Within the last five years)
Please do not solely use a website as your scholarly reference. It is fine to use it as a supplement, but a journal article or text should be referenced.
Please use North American peer-reviewed journals ONLY.
DO NOT use any European Journal
Please use reliable medical references such as the Current Medical Diagnosis and Treatment book or UpToDate. Do not use WebMD, Wikipedia, etc., as these are not advanced practice references.
APA format (if using outside sources).
Concerns with cultural practices in women’s health
Linda Bush DNP, GRH-C, FNP-C, APRN
SANE A-P, NYS SAFE
Female circumcision, mutilation, cutting, fgm or fgm/c
“Female genital mutilation (FGM) comprises all procedures that involve partial or total removal of the external female genitalia, or other injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons. The practice is mostly carried out by traditional practitioners. In several settings, there is evidence suggesting greater involvement of health care providers in performing FGM due to the belief that the procedure is safer when medicalized. WHO strongly urges health care providers not to perform FGM.
FGM is recognized internationally as a violation of the human rights of girls and women. It reflects deep-rooted inequality between the sexes, and constitutes an extreme form of discrimination against girls and women. It is nearly always carried out on minors and is a violation of the rights of children. The practice also violates a person's rights to health, security and physical integrity; the right to be free from torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment; and the right to life, in instances when the procedure results in death.”
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION Jan 2022
Prevalence
At least 200 million girls and women alive today living in 30 countries have undergone FGM
Types of female genital circumcision
Female Genital Mutilation comprises all procedures involving the removal of the external female genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons.
Female genital mutilation is classified into four types:
Type 1: Also known as clitoridectomy, this type consists of partial or total removal of the external part of the clitoris and/or its prepuce (clitoral hood).
Type 2: Also known as excision, the external part of clitoris and labia minora are partially or totally removed, with or without excision of the labia majora.
Type 3: It is also known as infibulation or pharaonic type. The procedure consists of narrowing the vaginal orifice with creation of a covering seal by cutting and appositioning the labia minora and/or labia majora, with or without removal of the external part of clitoris. The appositioning of the wound edges consists of stitching or holding the cut areas together for a certain period of time (for example, girls’ legs are bound together), to create the covering seal. A small opening is left for urine and menstrual blood to escape.
Type 4: This type consists of all other procedures to the genitalia of women for non-medical purposes, such as pricking, piercing, incising, scraping and cauterization.
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Types of fgm/c
from type 1 to type 3
How is it done?
FGM is usually performed by traditional practitioners using a sharp object such as a knife, a razor blade or broken glass. There is also evidence of an increase in the performance of FGM by medical personnel. However, medicalisation of FGM is denounced by the World Health Organisation.
Why?
Many practitioners of female genital mutilation believe that the procedure is dictated by tradition and is necessary to ensure marriage because men refuse to marry intact women. It is sometimes stated that the purpose of female genital mutilation is to control women's sexuality, and, in some settings, intact women are considered dishonorable prostitutes.
Many practitioners of female genital mutilation believe that the procedure is dictated by tradition and is necessary to ensure marriage because men refuse to marry intact women. It is sometimes stated that the purpose of female genital mutilation is to control women's sexuality, and, in some settings, intact women are considered dishonorable prostitutes. It is also widely believed that the clitoris connotes maleness and the prepuce of the penis connotes femaleness. Those who hold these beliefs, therefore, insist that both be removed before a person is accepted as an adult. It is additionally claimed that female genitalia are ugly and dirty and must be removed to enhance beauty and cleanliness. Female genital mutilation is perpetrated because it gives men power over women as a group. While no religion specifically requires female genital mutilation, patriarchal religions create the cultural milieu that allows this practice to continue.
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Complications may occur in all types of FGM, but are most frequent with infibulation. Immediate complications include severe pain, shock, haemorrhage, tetanus or infection, urine retention, ulceration of the genital region and injury to adjacent tissue, wound infection, urinary infection, fever, and septicemia.
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defibulation
Women who have undergone type III female genital cutting may suffer long-term complications. Defibulation (reconstructive surgery of the infibulated scar) can alleviate some of these complications.
Defibulation is recommended for all infibulated women who suffer long-term complications. The complication rates are minimal, with high satisfaction rates among patients.
Advocates against fgm/c
Employed and educated women are less likely to have undergone FGM/C, pointing to the high importance of female education in plans to eradicate this practice
Increasing advocacy: developing publications and advocacy tools for international, regional and local efforts to end FGM, including tools for policy makers and advocates to estimate the health burden of FGM and the potential public health benefits and cost savings of preventing FGM.
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As of October 2021, 40 states, most recently, Indiana,[30] had passed legislation making FGM illegal.[15] Several of these states passed legislation that made it illegal to perform FGM on anyone (not just girls under 18).[3]
January 2021 the STOP FGM Act of 2020 was signed into law by President Donald Trump, and it mostly reenacts the previous law but emphasizes the commercial aspect of FGM markets. It gives federal authorities the power to prosecute those who carry out or conspire to carry out FGM, as well as increasing the maximum prison sentence from five to ten years. It also requires government agencies to report to Congress about the estimated number of females who are at risk of or have had FGM, and on efforts to prevent FGM.[14]
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assignment
Find a recent nursing or medical journal article that discusses health care specific to the FGM/C. Write a 1-2 page summary of this article and include your own observations or opinions about what we as APPs can do to be more inclusive and culturally sensitive. Include your reference(s) with your paper.